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NO \Of&mB+JB K` &mBBB K$_&_N^NuNVH8$n n 0m 9o* .gJmg ,f *0mz *9npBB|~p(@Bnz=|`THDB//. /.t(NOJOgx`XSD Dl2 nfA0HPHmNOPO`A$HPHmNOPOA`B/<@$/. /.Hnt4NOOB/?A@AA(1^^A@()*+-/()*+-/);?;?;?[\]^([\]()*+]-/()*+-(/*{;}/?{;}?}[\^[\][\]@[\^()*+-{/()*+-{/});{?};{?()*+?-/[\];?[\]])*+-/{}[\]{;}?}()*+-/()*+-/{};?];)*+?-/()*+-/);+-?[\];}?[\];?)+-]{}[\]{;}?])*+-(/*+}-/{};?];}? ]}[\^(+-()*+}-/{};?(*+[-/[\;^?(*+-/{;{?[\]^(*+-/[\;^{(*+-/{[\^ !"#$%&'({[\^89:;<=>?@A{  !"#$%&'()*+,-./03489:;<=>?@AsincostanasnacsatnlnAlogexpsqrtAsquareAcubic      $(,2:E([{)]}BASE DERIVED AAMBIGUOUS ACATEGORYAPREFIX #INCLUDE A  E((#胃|肂What is the braking power required to decelerate a 2000 lbm car at 1G at 60 mph? 2000 lbm * grav * 60 mph ? hp = 320 hp What is the flow rate required if a farmer wants to apply 10 gal/acre of fertilizer using a tractor with a speed of 10 mph and a swath width of 30 feet? 10 mph * 30 feet * 10 gal/acre ? gal/min = 6.06061 gal/min What is the delay for hot water if the flow rate is 3 gal/min and the water heater is connected to the tap with 43 feet of 1/2 inch id tube? 43 feet * (pi * (0.25 inch)^2) / (3 gal/min) ? sec = 8.77198 sec How long will it take a 40,000 Btu/hr water heater to heat 40 gallons of water from 45 degrees F to 140 degrees F? 40 gal * shv_water * (140-45) deltaF / (40000 Btu/hour) ? hour = 0.792813 hour What prop pitch is required for a boat to do 40 knots at 2500 rpm, assuming 10% slip? 40 knot / (2500 rpm * 90%) ? inch/rev = 21.604 inch/rev How large of a solar collector do you need to heat a house with 20,000 Btu/hr assuming 80% efficiency? (Solar insolation for Denver in February is 14 megajoules/day/square meter.) 20000 btu/hour; 80% * 14 megajoules/day/square meter ? ft^2 = 486.708 ft^2 How many watts is a microwave oven putting out if it can bring 3/4 cup of water from 52 degrees F to a boil in 2 minutes and 4 seconds? (3/4) cup * shv_water * (212 - 52) deltaF / (2 min + 4 sec) ? watt = 532.552 watt What is the maximum angle a 2000 lb car with a 65 hp engine can climb at 55 mph, assuming 12 hp of drag at that speed: asn(2000 lb; 65 hp - 12 hp; 55 mph) ? degrees = 10.4095 degrees Calchemy makes problem solving so easy that it is tempting to assume that any answer it gives you is correct. However, as with all calculators, the answer it gives you is only as good as the data you give it. Calchemy ensures that the data you give it is dimensionally consistent. However, there are more aspects to good data than simple dimensional consistency. Many physical equations also include dimensionless factors like 2 pi, an efficiency, or 1/2. Beware that Calchemy cannot tell if you have left out (or inadvertently included) one of these factors. You must know the physical equation for the problem you are trying to solve before entering it into Calchemy! Units of Angle and Revolution You must pay special attention to dimensionless factors of 2 pi when dealing with parameters of revolution, frequency, period, angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration. Calchemy cannot perform its usual transparent unit conversions and automatic dimensional analysis for these parameters. You must enter an appropriately corresponding unit for each of these. Numeric Precision Calchemy is not intended to be used for high precision calculations. The number of significant digits carried by Calchemy during the phases of its calculations is typically on the order of 6, with the database values for physical properties often less than that, and often typically an average over a range of assumptions. Remember... Always double-check your answers! This dialog box shows a list of other arithmetic functions Calchemy understands, including: % -- take the percentage of a number (divide it by 100). E.g., "10%" = -- assign a value to a user defined variable. E.g., "foo = 3 feet" += -- assign a secondary (additional) value to a user defined variable. E.g., "foo += 2 seconds" acs(...) -- arc (inverse) cosine. E.g., "acs(0) ? radians" asn(...) -- arc (inverse) sine. E.g., "asn(0) ? grad" atn(...) -- arc (inverse) tangent. E.g., "atn(3) ? degree" cos(...) -- cosine. E.g., "cos(2 pi radians)" cubic ... -- cubes the following unit. E.g., "cubic meters" exp(...) -- e raised to the power. E.g., "exp(2)" ln(...) -- natural (e based) logarithm. E.g., "ln(e)" log(...) -- 10 based logarithm. E.g., "log(100)" sin(...) -- sine. E.g., "sin(pi/2)" sqrt(...) -- square root. E.g., "sqrt(2)" square(...) -- squares the following unit. E.g., "square inch" tan(...) -- tangent. E.g., "tan(0 degrees)" Note that trig functions work in radians (the default) or degrees or grad (if specified explicitly). To copy a function to the Equation line, select the function and then tap the "OK" button. To return to the Equation line without changing it, tap the "Cancel" button.( 4Jr 4J`v(>Tj  8<\xCalchemy8]Clear@O8YM"SelectY]"SearchT$ Busym5]+E]-5m*Em/5}^E}; 5M(EM)}E!}.m }0M1M2!M3]4]5!]6m7m8!m9}=Y|"Unit  8 MRecall Ym"Other  <  >} ? Calchemy buttons perform as follows: Select -- select a unit by category and insert it into the equation line. Search -- search for a unit by name and insert it into the equation line. Other -- insert other functions (including trig functions) into the equation line. Unit -- recall recently used units into the equation line. Recall -- recall either the highlited text from the history buffer, or the most recent result from the history buffer. Note that pressing this button repeatedly recalls previous results or equations from the history buffer. Clear -- clear either the highlited text from the equation line, or the entire equation line. -- backspace over either the highlited text in the equation line, or the last character in the equation line. -- insert a space into the equation line. "?" -- insert a "?" into the equation line, to separate the expression you want to evaluate from the unit you want the result expressed in. "=" -- evaluate the equation in the equation line, and if no errors are encountered, copy both the eqation and the result to the history buffer. "<" -- scroll the equation line to the left. ">" -- scroll the equation line to the right. This dialog box allows you to change Calchemy behavior: Show interpretations -- if selected, print how Calchemy interpreted each equation along with the result. Accept free units -- if selected, Calchemy will accept the presence of "unknown" units in an equation, provided they cancel out in the end. Accept plurals -- if selected, Calchemy will accept pluralized unit names (e.g., meters) using normal pluralization rules. Accept prefixes -- if selected, Calchemy will accept SI prefixes prepended directly to SI unit names or abbreviations (e.g., km). Accept secondary definitions -- if selected, Calchemy will use all definitions of ambiguous units (e.g., lb is primarily defined as lbf and secondarily defined as lbm). Phone number layouy -- if selected, the number keys will be arranged in a phone number layout, rather than a calculator layout. Scroll history by lines -- if selected, the hardware scroll buttons will scroll the history display by lines, rather than by pages. Scroll units by lines -- if selected, the hardware scroll buttons will scroll the category and unit selection listboxes by lines, rather than by pages. .5 # OK 5 44444444444 55555555555 .0000000005555555555 .0000000004444444444 55555 .00000000055555 .55555 55555555555.0000000005555555555 .005e3 5e03 5000E-3 5E-3 0055555 55555.5555500000 0000055555.5555555555 .05 .50 5.5e555 # Syntax error 5.5e55 5.5e-555 # Syntax error 5.5e-55 .0000000005e100 50000000000e-100 5e60*5e60 5e-60*5e-60 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 q=2 q=3 q q+=4 q q= q # Undefined 3/0 # Cannot foot;foot ? sec # Mismatch 2000 lbm * grav * 60 mph ? hp # 320 hp 10 mph * 30 feet * 10 gal/acre ? gal/min # 6.06061 43 feet * (pi * (0.25 inch)^2) / (3 gal/min) ? sec # 8.77198 40 gal * 1 cal/(cc deltaK) * (140-45) deltaF / (40000 btu/hour) ? hour # 0.792813 40 knot / (2500 rpm * 90%) ? inch/rev # 21.604 20000 btu/hour; 80% * 14 megajoules/day/square meter ? ft^2 # 486.708 (3/4) cup * 1 cal/(cc deltaK) * (212 - 52) deltaF / (2 min + 4 sec) ? watt # 532.552 asn(2000 lb; 65 hp - 12 hp; 55 mph) ? degrees # 10.4095 CATEGORY Electromag BASE Current DERIVED Charge=Current*Time DERIVED Voltage=Power/Current DERIVED Resistance=Voltage/Current DERIVED Capacitance=Charge/Voltage DERIVED Inductance=Voltage*Time/Current DERIVED Magnetic_flux=Voltage*Time DERIVED Mag_flux_dens=Magnetic_flux/Area *Electromag,SI:amp*,a,A,ampere*=Current *Electromag,SI:coulomb*=amp s *Electromag,SI:v,V,volt* =1 j/coulomb *Electromag,SI:ohm*=1 v/amp *Electromag,SI:F,farad*=1 coulomb/v *Electromag,SI:H,henry*=1 s^2/F *Electromag,SI:S,siemens=1 amp/v *Electromag,SI:Wb,weber*=1 v s *Electromag,SI:T,tesla*=1 Wb/m^2 *Electromag,SI:gamma*=1E-09 Wb/m^2 Electromag:mho*=1 amp/v Electromag:maxwell*=1E-08 Wb #CGS Electromag:gauss=0.0001 Wb/m^2 #CGS Electromag,Phys_const:qe,electron_charge*=1.60218E-19 amp s Electromag,Phys_const:mu0,permeability_vac=4 pi*1E-07 H/m Electromag,Phys_const:e0,permittivity_vac=8.85419E-12 F/m This dialog box allows you to change which unit definition databases are included in Calchemy on startup. Standard -- the basic mass, length, and time unit definitions of SI and USCS. Electro-magnetism (Electromag) -- expands the standard units with the dimension of current. Advanced (Advanced) -- expands the standard units further. Obscure (Obscure) -- obscure units. Physical properties (Physprop, Water, Ice, Air) -- physical properties of many common materials. Fules (Fuels) -- energy content of many common fuels. Note that the units in each additional database may be browsed in the Unit Select dialog box, by finding the category that corresponds to the unit database (listed in parenthesis, above). This dialog box is presented when the result of the expression you have entered cannot be expressed in the result units you have requested because the dimensions do not match. For example, the expression evaluates to dimensions of Energy, but you asked for the result in a unit with dimensions of Power. Calchemy attempts to list the factors which might be missing from the left hand side of the equation. The inclusion of any one of these factors would make the equation dimensionally consistent. To return to the (unchanged) Equation line, tap the "OK" button. 2 l @lCalchemy PreferencesmiShow interpretationsnXAccept free unitso&KAccept pluralsp2SAccept prefixesq>tAccept secondary defnsrJkPhone number layouts$ OKtK$ Cancelub`Scroll units by lineswVjScroll history by lines2Ј trRegister Calchemy!If you use and enjoy Calchemy, please register on-line at http://www.calchemy.com/palm and enjoy nag-free use, technical support, and free upgrades! We worked hard on this and are proud of it! Thanks! :-)ftPrtBPfS/N:rKey: $ OKi$ Canceldb . !i&/ {?_GN U3X8C<PASGRTbKdGmLMRNOEditUndoCutCopyPasteSelect All-Clear History-KeyboardGraffiti HelpOptionsDatabases...Preferences...-Register...HelpIntroductionOverview...Buttons...Accuracy...Examples...-About Calchemy...This dialog box is presented when an equation cannot be accepted as entered. This occurs for one of two reasons: 1) There was a fatal error in the equation, such as a syntax error or undefined unit; therefore, no evaluations could be performed, or 2) All possible evaluations of the equation resulted in an abnormal condition, such as a divide by 0; therefore, no results or dimensional mismatches could be obtained. To return to the (unchanged) Equation line, tap the "OK" button. 2@ b~&>ZOther Functions ,M% = += acs(asn(atn(cos(cubic exp(ln(log(sin(sqrt(square tan( o$ OK oo$ Cancel :Note: the "=" and "+=" functions assign values to variables. Tap the "=" button in the main window to evaluate equations.2  ` &LtCalchemy Databases Include the following unit databases on startup: B: Advanced *f Standard (required) 6a Electro-magnetism Za Physical properties N5 Obscure$ OKK$ Cancel f' FuelsThis dialog box shows a list of all of the units that match the name at the current point in the Equation line. To dynamically update the list of units, continue entering the name in the "Search" field. To obtain additional details on a particular unit, select the unit and then tap the "Details..." button. To copy a unit to the Equation line, select the unit and then tap the "OK" button. To return to the Equation line without changing it, tap the "Cancel" button. 2| z$JvAbout Calchemy2Version220PVSee http://www.calchemy.com>Copyright (c) 1993-2001JCalchemy Software, Inc.Calchemy -- Units Calculator9i$ OK" P2px :bUnit DetailsyUnit:{Definition:|2SI Equiv:}JDimension:~_$ OK2h2hP22hP2JhPThis dialog box shows a list of all of the unit categories. To display a list of all of the units in a particular category, select the category. To display additional details on a particular unit, select the unit and then tap the "Details..." button. To copy a unit to the Equation line, select the unit and then tap the "OK" button. To return to the Equation line without changing it, tap the "Cancel" button. 2x  *.FbUnit SearchSearch:NHB@@NUnit:2F Exact matchNro$ OKoo$ Cancelo$ Details2L t(Unit SelectMo$ OKNo$ DetailsOoo$ CancelPCategory:QDBRNUnit:SNHB2 d@ \~Dimensional MismatchA/S$ OKB&!CThe left hand side may be missing a factor of:2 d܈ VhError~@/S$ OK 0  F0 H IH IH 0   R       P   System IncompatibleSystem Version 2.0 or greater is required to run this application.OK0!8 ?<Calchemy1.0